This website contains imagery which is only suitable for audiences 18+. All surgery contains risks. Read more here.

This website contains imagery which is only suitable for audiences 18+. All surgery contains risks. Read more here.

pagebannerbg-d-img

Are you considering

Liposuction

Why choose

Liposuction

Remove excess fat

Contour the body


What is liposuction surgery?

Liposuction, also known as liposculpture, is a surgical procedure performed to remove excess fat from targeted areas of the body such as the abdomen, hips, buttocks, legs, back, arms and even the neck. Liposuction surgery involves using a suction technique to remove unwanted fat deposits or fat pockets from specific areas of the body to improve body shape, contours and proportions. Liposuction is not a cure or substitute for weight loss, but a method for removing localised deposits of fatty tissue or stubborn fat pockets that do not respond to diet or exercise. In some cases, the fat that is harvested from a liposuction procedure may be used for Fat Grafting to a different area of the body.

The best surgical approach for liposuction will depend on the patient’s personal circumstances, overall health and healing capacity, and will be customised to suit the patient’s unique needs and natural body anatomy, all of which will be discussed during a consultation. This tailored approach ensures the fat removal process aligns with the patient’s goals and desired outcomes, while addressing any specific concerns the patient may have.

As with any surgical procedure, liposuction surgery carries potential risks and complications that need to be considered. It is important to consult with an experienced specialist plastic surgeon to discuss the best treatment options, expected outcomes, what to expect during recovery and cover any potential risks associated with liposuction, including how these will be managed in the case complications do arise.

Our experienced Specialist Plastic Surgeons provide personalised consultations to create a tailored plan that is best suited to achieve the patient’s goals.

Also known as:

  • Liposculpture
  • Fat Removal Surgery
  • Body Contouring
  • Fat Reduction Surgery

Liposuction Surgery | What To Expect

ResultsPermanent, however doesn’t stop fat cells from returning
Surgery Time60 minutes
Hospital StayDay Surgery
Off-Work10-14 days
ExerciseLimited for 6 weeks
Full Recovery3-12 months

Indications for Liposuction

Liposuction can be performed on various areas of the body for a number of reasons. Some of the common indications for liposuction surgery include:

Body contouring: Liposuction can be used to reshape and refine areas of the body where fat is resistant to exercise or diet

Fat redistribution: Fat removed during liposuction may be transferred to other areas of the body in a procedure called fat grafting

Treatment of medical conditions: Liposuction may be used to treat certain medical conditions such as lipomas (benign fatty tumours), lymphedema (fluid retention), or gynaecomastia (excess fat in male breast tissue)

Why consider liposuction surgery

The choice to undergo a liposuction procedure is a highly personal decision that can be driven by medical, aesthetic or lifestyle factors, and the decision to proceed with liposuction should be a well informed and considered process.

Common reasons patients may consider undergoing a liposuction procedure include:

Changed Body Contour: Liposuction may be an appropriate method for removing localised and stubborn fat deposits in some patients

Targeted Fat Reduction: Liposuction allows for precise and targeted fat reduction in specific areas of the body such as the abdomen, thighs, hips, buttocks, arms, and neck

Permanent Excess Fat Removal: Liposuction may be used to permanently removal stubborn fat deposits. Maintaining a stable weight following liposuction can ensure long lasting results from liposuction surgery

It is important to note that the specific outcomes of liposuction surgery can vary from patient to patient and the procedure is not without risks and considerations.

Am I a suitable candidate for liposuction surgery?

Liposuction is a suitable procedure for those who are struggling to shift pockets of fat, despite maintaining a healthy lifestyle of diet and exercise.

The best liposuction candidates include men and women who:

  • Are of stable weight
  • Are in good overall health
  • Are non-smokers or are willing to give up smoking for the required timeframe pre-and post-surgery
  • Have good skin tone and elasticity
  • Have realistic expectations of surgical outcomes
  • Understand there are risks and limitations of liposuction and outcomes are not guaranteed

Individuals considering liposuction surgery are encouraged to understand that liposuction should not be considered as a substitute for weight loss, and that they should be physically healthy prior to seeking to refine and contour their figure via liposuction.

What surgical techniques are involved with liposuction surgery?

Liposuction surgery can be performed using a number of different techniques in order to improve the appearance and shape of the targeted area. There are four common techniques used for liposuction:

Tumescent Liposuction:

Tumescent liposuction uses a special type of liquid (tumescent liquid) injected into the targeted area to liquify the fat for removal. The liquid contains numbing agents and vasoconstrictors – blood vessel shrinking agents. These two chemicals increase the patient’s comfort and reduces the swelling both before and after liposuction. These chemicals also help decrease the risk of excess bleeding and shortens the recovery time.

Super-Wet Liposuction:

Super-Wet Liposuction is a method that also injects liquid into the targeted area for fat removal. The liquid contains a numbing agent, a blood vessel contractor, and a small percentage of salt. This method is very similar to Tumescent Liposuction but uses less liquid and is typically a faster liposuction method used to remove unwanted fat.

Ultrasound-Assisted Liposuction:

Ultrasound-assisted liposuction, also commonly referred to as vaser liposuction, is a liposuction technique that uses ultrasound waves to break down fat and liquify it, making it easier to extract. Some patients report that recovery following ultrasound-assisted liposuction is faster than with tumescent liposuction as the ultrasound waves break down the fat, therefore the removal process can be less invasive for the patient.

Laser-Assisted Liposuction:

Similar to Ultrasound-Assisted liposuction, Laser-Assisted Liposuction uses a cannula that has a laser beam at its end to break down the fat the same way as ultrasound-assisted liposuction. The laser helps break down and liquify the fat tissue for removal.

All of these liposuction techniques have their unique attributes and limitations and are suitable for different patients dependent on their individual circumstances and anatomy. A thorough assessment will be conducted during your consultation to determine the most appropriate surgical approach for you to best achieve your aesthetic goals.

Following surgery, patients will be provided with specific post-operative aftercare instructions to support optimum healing and recovery. Our nursing team will be in touch the day after your surgery to check in on your recovery and answer any questions or concerns you may have following your procedure. Our patient care team will organise your follow-up care and complimentary review appointments to monitor recovery and address any concerns.

It is important for patients to follow post-operative care instructions to help aid a smooth recovery and to achieve the best possible results from their liposuction procedure. Adherence to appropriate post-surgery care is essential for optimal healing and results.

Stomach Liposuction vs. Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck): What’s the difference?

Both liposuction and abdominoplasty (tummy tuck) are procedures designed to improve the contour of the stomach area, but they serve different purposes and are suited to different patient needs.

Stomach Liposuction

Liposuction is a minimally invasive fat removal procedure that targets stubborn fat deposits in the abdominal area. It involves making small incisions and using a cannula to suction out fat, refining body shape and contour.

Best for: Individuals with good skin elasticity who have localised fat deposits resistant to diet and exercise.

Does not address: Loose or excess skin, stretched abdominal muscles, or significant weight loss-related changes.

Recovery: Swelling and bruising typically subside within a few weeks, with final results visible in a few months.

Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck)

Abdominoplasty is a more extensive surgical procedure designed to remove excess skin and fat while also tightening weakened or separated abdominal muscles. This is often performed after pregnancy or significant weight loss.

Best for: Individuals with loose or excess skin, muscle separation (diastasis recti), or loss of abdominal tone.

Addresses: Skin laxity, stretch marks (depending on location), and muscle repair.

Recovery: Requires longer downtime than liposuction, with several weeks of restricted activity to allow for healing.

When considering whether to undergo liposuction or abdominoplasty to the abdominal area, it is important to consider current anatomy and what can realistically be achieved based on each individual patient. Stomach liposuction is less invasive than abdominoplasty and does not involve large incisions, with fat removal performed through several small incisions.

Abdominoplasty surgery, however, is designed to remove excess loose skin and tighten abdominal muscles, therefore, liposuction alone is not recommended for patient’s that have poor quality or excess loose skin.

If your main concern is excess fat but you have good skin tone, liposuction may be a more suitable option. If you have loose skin and/or stretched muscles, an abdominoplasty may provide a more comprehensive result. Both liposuction and abdominoplasty may be combined for enhanced shape and contouring, and is often performed as a combined procedure to enhance results.

Liposuction Incisions & Scarring

The type of incisions and resulting scars from liposuction depend on factors such as the surgical technique used, the patient’s health and healing capacity and adherence to post-operative aftercare instructions, as well as if any additional procedures such as abdominoplasty (tummy tuck) is also performed.

Liposuction itself involves small, strategically placed incisions to allow for the insertion of a cannula (a thin tube) to remove excess fat. The number, size, and placement of liposuction incisions depend on the treatment area and technique used.

Common Incision Types:

Traditional Liposuction

Small incisions (typically 2-5mm) are placed in discreet locations such as natural creases or less visible areas

Tumescent Liposuction

Uses similar small incisions but involves injecting a solution to reduce bleeding and swelling

Ultrasound or Laser-Assisted Liposuction

May require additional tiny incisions for energy-assisted fat breakdown

Liposuction scars are typically small and fade over time, often becoming barely noticeable. Proper post-operative wound care, sun protection, and scar management can help minimise their appearance of liposuction scars.

Your surgeon and the BPCS nursing team will provide personalised scar care and management advice based on your individual case, healing and recovery.

Realistic expectations

Every patient has a unique anatomy, with unique limitations which have a pivotal effect on surgical outcomes. At BPCS, we encourage all patients considering liposuction to remember that all surgical procedures are tailored, and specific surgical outcomes are not guaranteed.

Every patient’s body is unique, and surgical outcomes will depend on factors such as anatomy, individual healing processes, and the surgical approach and techniques used. Open and honest communication about desired aesthetic outcomes, along with a clear understanding of the potential benefits and limitations of surgery, are essential to ensure patients are satisfied with their surgical results.

During a consultation, our surgeons aim to provide patients with as much information as possible about their procedure in order set realistic expectations of surgical outcomes, and tailor advice so that patients are able to make informed decisions that align with their health.

Patients are encouraged to remember that there can be no guarantee with any surgery. The realistic aim of any surgical procedure is improvement and not perfection. To learn more about liposuction surgery at Brisbane Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, please contact our team to schedule a consultation with our specialist plastic surgeons.

Before & After Gallery

Real Patient Results

View more of our liposuction before and after photos and follow us on Instagram to stay up to date with us.

*Individual results, risks and recovery will vary between patients, and specific surgical outcomes are not guaranteed. Results will vary due to factors such as genetics, diet, exercise and recovery. For more information about risks and recovery please visit our risks page.

What to expect from

Your Liposuction Consultation

The consultation is a crucial first step when considering any surgical procedure. It allows you to discuss your goals, concerns, and medical history, ensuring you receive personalised advice tailored to your needs. During your consultation, your surgeon will assess your suitability for the procedure, explain the potential risks and expected outcomes, and provide professional guidance to help you make an informed decision that aligns with your health. A thorough consultation also ensures that you have realistic expectations of surgical outcomes and understand all aspects of your procedure before deciding to proceed with surgery.

Before proceeding with any elective cosmetic procedure, all patients are required to obtain a referral from their GP or specialist, complete a pre-consultation body dysmorphic disorder screening questionnaire, and attend at least two pre-operative consultations.

What is the pre-consultation body dysmorphic disorder screening questionnaire?

It is an AHPRA requirement that all patients considering cosmetic surgery must complete a Body Dysmorphic Disorder questionnaire. This is to determine suitability for surgery and to ensure patients have realistic expectations regarding the outcome of their procedure prior to undergoing surgery.

Initial Consultation (mandatory)

On arrival for your initial consultation at Brisbane Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, you will be welcomed in-clinic by our patient care team who will assist you with any required pre-consultation paperwork, reports and referrals prior to seeing your surgeon. We will also be available should you have any questions about potential surgery, dates or booking information.

During your initial consultation, you will meet with your surgeon to discuss your goals, concerns and motivations for surgery as well as associated risks and realistic outcomes. This consultation gives you an opportunity to learn more about your chosen surgeon and their experience, and get all of your questions answered about what surgical approach is most appropriate for you. Your surgeon will review your medical history and discuss your aesthetic goals, and provide you with comprehensive information about your tuberous breast correction procedure, including recovery times, and the potential risks and complications associated, and how your surgeon plans to manage these, should any complications arise. Our surgeons seek to understand each patient’s unique lifestyle so that they can tailor a bespoke surgical plan in alignment with your goals to best achieve your desired aesthetic and functional outcomes.

Following your consultation with your surgeon, you will sit down with one of our dedicated patient liaisons, who will help you plan the next steps and answer any additional questions you may have. We will have a chat to you about when you are considering surgery, provide you with your personal quote and go through additional pertinent details of your surgical procedure to assist and ensure you can make an informed decision about surgery.

The rest of the team are here to answer any questions you may have to ensure that you feel comfortable, well-informed and prepared for your liposuction procedure.

Second Consultation (required)

A second consultation is required to proceed with liposuction surgery as it is considered a cosmetic procedure. A second consultation gives the patient the opportunity to further discuss their surgery and ensure they have been able to have all their questions answered prior to deciding to proceed.

Patients are also welcome and encouraged to book multiple consultations to further discuss their procedure to ensure they feel comfortable and confident in their decision to proceed. It is important to ensure both patient and surgeon are aligned in goals and expectations to ensure positive patient outcomes. Additional consultations for your procedure are at no extra cost and can be conducted face-to-face or online via video call.

To book any additional consultations, please give our clinic a call and our team will be able to accommodate this for you.

Pre-Operative Nurse Appointment (mandatory)

Once a surgery date has been booked, our patient care team will organise your pre-operative appointment, which will be with one of our nurses, and scheduled 2 weeks prior to your booked surgery date. The purpose of this appointment is to run through your surgery plan and take your pre-operative images. It will be another opportunity for you to ask any additional questions you may have leading up to your surgery, as well as complete any necessary paperwork to ensure you are fully prepared for your upcoming procedure with us.

To find out more about what to expect from your liposuction consultation or to book an initial consultation, you can submit your enquiry or call our clinic between 8:30am – 4:30pm Monday – Thursday or 8:30am – 4pm Fridays.

yourconsultationbg-d-img

Ready to get started?

Book your consultation today

Book Consultation

Dr Philip Richardson
Dr Milap Rughani

Specialist Plastic Surgeon [MED0001389187]

Dr Philip Richardson

MBBS (Hons.), FRACS (Plast.)

Dr. Philip Richardson is a Specialist Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeon and the founder and leading surgeon for Brisbane Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery. Dr. Richardson is best known for his caring and honest approach to patient care and is renowned for performing breast surgery in Brisbane.

With over 22 years of experience in all areas of cosmetic and plastic surgery, Dr. Richardson has honed his knowledge, experience and surgical precision in breast procedures, combining his surgical skill with his compassionate approach to patient care. Dr. Richardson is widely recognised for his advanced breast surgery techniques, and his success in complex revisionary cases.

Specialist Plastic Surgeon [MED002086570]

Dr Milap Rughani

MBChB, BSc, MRES, CHIA, FRCS(Plast.), FRACS (Plast.)

Dr. Milap Rughani is a Specialist Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeon focused on skin cancer excision and facial reconstruction procedures. Widely known for his hardworking and caring nature, Dr. Rughani strives to ensure all of his patients feel comfortable and informed throughout their journey, and always puts his patient’s interests and safety above all.

Having trained both locally and abroad, Dr. Rughani’s extensive training background enables him to provide patients with individualised results. He is one of a few surgeons in Australia with such extensive training that combines advanced surgical skills alongside the latest technologies to help patients achieve their desired results.

Everything you need to know about Liposuction Surgery

What To Expect During Liposuction Surgery

Liposuction is a cosmetic procedure performed to remove excess fat from areas of the body. A suction cannula, which resembles a thin metallic rod, is inserted in repetitive motions under the skin of the target area. The device “sucks” out the fat from under the skin. The fat cells that are sucked out are removed permanently. It is important for patients to maintain a healthy diet and exercise regime following liposuction as weight gain can cause fat cells to develop post-operatively.

There are various methods for liposuction and the selection of the most appropriate technique will depend on the natural shape of the targeted area and the desired appearance. Your surgeon will assess and discuss the most suitable combination of procedures in detail with you, along with the benefits, risks and limitations associated.

Liposuction is always performed under general anaesthetic, and in a fully accredited private hospital in Brisbane. General anaesthesia is administered by an anaesthesiologist – a registered medical practitioner fully trained to administer anaesthetic and monitor the patient while they are induced. Liposuction is generally performed as a day procedure, however, in some cases, patients may be advised to stay overnight or may opt to if the procedure is performed in conjunction with other surgeries such as abdominoplasty (tummy tuck) or blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery). Patient’s will be advised during their consultation if an overnight stay is recommended.

Following liposuction surgery, patients will be given a post-operative support garment or elasticated bandage to help minimise swelling and provide additional support during the healing process. Patients will be provided with specific post-operative instructions to aid in a smooth recovery.

Risks & Complications of Liposuction

As with any surgical procedure, liposuction carries potential risks and complications. These may vary depending on individual factors, including overall health, the patient’s healing capacity and adherence to post-operative aftercare, and the surgical approach used. Some potential risks and complications of liposuction surgery include:

  • Infection
  • Bleeding
  • Swelling and bruising
  • Numbness and changes in sensation
  • Seroma
  • Haematoma
  • Skin irregularities
  • Scarring
  • Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
  • Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
  • Organ perforation
  • Allergic reactions
  • Delayed healing
  • Unsatisfactory results

At Brisbane Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery, we place large emphasis on educating our patients regarding the potential risks of surgery to ensure both patient and surgeon are taking all measures to understand, minimise and prevent complications from occurring.

Read more about the risks of surgery

Liposuction Surgery Recovery

Recovery from liposuction will vary from patient to patient, and depends on the extent and complexity of the procedure and the patient’s individual healing capacity.

Patients may experience pain, aches, pressure and discomfort, generally lasting up to two weeks after a liposuction procedure. Swelling and bruising is common after liposuction, and these side effects will gradually subside over several weeks. Applying cold compresses and keeping the treated areas elevated can help reduce swelling and bruising.

Pain relief medication can help address discomfort after surgery, and pain management will be at the discretion of your surgeon and your anaesthetist. We will be able to prescribe oral pain medication to assist with any pain and discomfort in the immediate post-operative period pending advice from your surgeon.

Patients will be provided with appropriate post-operative compression garments or bandages to wear over the treated areas. These will help reduce swelling and provide support. It is important to follow your surgeon’s post-operative care instructions on how long and how often to wear these garments, as this will affect healing and recovery, as well as minimise the risk of any post-operative complications.

Gentle walking is encouraged to help with circulation and to reduce the risk of blood clots. Liposuction patients are advised to avoid any intense exercise or heavy lifting for a specified period after the procedure, as per your surgeon’s recommendations. Your surgeon and the BPCS nursing team will be in touch with you throughout your recovery to monitor how you are healing and will advise when you are able to gradually increase your activity level, starting with light exercise and building up from there.

During recovery, patients will be advised to:

  • Keep the incisions clean and dry
  • Avoid smoking
  • Drink plenty of water
  • Eat nutritious food
  • Refrain from strenuous tasks
  • Take time to rest and recover
  • Wear provided post-operative compression garments as advised

All patients will be provided with specific post-operative aftercare instructions to support healing and recovery, and our team will schedule regular follow-ups monitor recovery and address any concerns. Adherence to appropriate post-surgery care is essential for optimal healing and results.

Liposuction Costs & Payment Options

In order to prepare financially for any surgical procedure, it is essential understand what costs and associated fees may be included in your liposuction quote. At Brisbane Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery we aim to provide patients with clear and concise price breakdowns so patients are fully aware of what is included so they can make informed decisions, and to properly budget and plan ahead.

Liposuction costs at Brisbane Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery will typically include your surgeon’s fee, hospital fees, general anaesthetic costs, post-operative compression garments and lifetime follow-up care with our in-house nursing team.

Liposuction surgery is a highly customised procedure, and costs will vary between patients. Every patient is different and surgery prices are quoted on a case-by-case basis subjective to the anatomy and complexities of each case, and time taken in theatre or chosen facility.

Liposuction is considered a cosmetic procedure and there are Medicare and private health rebates available. The most appropriate surgical approach will be determined on a case-by-case basis and any recommended additional procedures or areas of treatment will affect pricing. The total costs and any available rebates will be discussed with you at your consultation.

Liposuction Surgery Payment Options

For patients seeking to undergo liposuction in Brisbane, payment plans can be arranged to suit the patient’s personal preference and circumstances. This means patients can make interest-free, partial payments in regular instalments directly to us in the lead up to their surgery.

To ensure a straightforward and seamless payment process, we offer a range of payment options to best suit our patient’s personal circumstances that best work for them. We accept the following payment options for liposuction surgery:

  • Cash
  • Debit card / credit card
  • Cheque
  • Direct bank transfer
  • Partial payments leading up to surgery
  • Zip Pay / Zip Money
  • Early Release of Superannuation on Compassionate Grounds
  • Third Party Finance such as Medical Bank Loans (Total Lifestyle Credit or MediPay loans)

*Please note: We are not affiliated or endorse any particular financing company.

At Brisbane Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery we aim to provide our patients with transparent pricing information for all our procedures. If you have a question about any of our procedures, associated plastic surgery costs, and our payment options, please don’t hesitate to our team.

The Brisbane Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery Difference

At Brisbane Plastic & Cosmetic Surgery we aim to support our patients for life. Our specialist plastic surgeons, experienced nursing team and dedicated administrative support team strive to provide the highest level of patient care to create a smooth and seamless experience for our patients. Our practice is built around patient care and our entire team are committed to providing professional and personalised advice and support for our patient community. As part of the BPCS experience, we offer complimentary long-term care and support for our patients, including routine check-ups to ensure our patients are staying on top of their health in the months and years beyond surgery. This is just one way we aim to go above and beyond for our patient community.

At BPCS, we take special care to focus on educating our patients about their surgeries so they know what to expect before, during and after their treatment. Following surgery, patients will follow-up with their surgeon to ensure that they are healing properly, and that they are experiencing a comfortable recovery process as we believe the best doctor patient relationship is one of clear and open communication. Our patients also have access to 4 full-time practice nurses ready to answer any questions about any aspect of their healing and recovery.

By choosing to undergo a procedure with the BPCS team, patients are choosing to place their trust in an experienced team with the peace-of-mind that their pre-operative and post-operative care is all a part of the service. This is the BPCS difference.

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the different techniques used for liposuction?

There are 4 techniques available that surgeons may use to perform liposuction:

Tumescent Liposuction – uses liquid to liquify the fat and suck it out

Super-Wet Liposuction – uses less liquid than tumescent liposuction and is a faster method

Ultrasound-Assisted Liposuction – uses ultrasonic waves to break down and liquify the fat for removal

Laser-Assisted Liposuction – this approach breaks down the fat the same way as ultrasonic liposuction but uses a laser at the end of the cannula to do so

Every liposuction procedure is customised to the patient and your surgeon will assess and determine the most suitable approach based on a case-by-case basis to achieve the best result possible based on the patient’s anatomy.

Can liposuction change body shape?

Yes, liposuction surgery may assist in modifying body shape. Liposuction is a surgical procedure used to remove unwanted body fat following weight loss. Liposuction can be used to target specific areas of your body where you would like to address and remove stubborn fat from, such as:

  • Abdomen
  • Legs (thighs, calves, ankles)
  • Back
  • Hips
  • Flanks
  • Arms
  • Buttocks
  • Neck

It is important to understand that liposuction is not a weight-loss procedure. Liposuction is used to target stubborn fat that doesn’t seem to move even post weight loss.

Is there a medicare rebate for liposuction?

Unfortunately, there is no Medicare rebate for Liposuction surgery.

How long does it take for liposuction incisions to heal?

Liposuction incisions generally heal very quickly. Liposuction incisions appear as small cuts in your skin. These are so small that you may not even need sutures in most cases, and the incision is typically only around 1cm long. It can take up to one year for liposuction scarring to heal and for the scar to fully mature.

Contact us

This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

In the area? Visit our Hamilton Clinic:

Unit 9, Level 1, 33 Racecourse Road, Hamilton, QLD, 4007

Or visit us at North Lakes (by appointment only):

Suite 507, 6 North Lakes Drive, North Lakes, QLD, 4509

Our hours

Monday – Thursday
8:30am – 4:30pm

Friday
8:30am – 4:00pm

Saturday – Sunday
Closed

This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.